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By ROGER WITHERSPOON
THE JOURNAL NEWS
(Original publication: September 26,
2003)
A 415-acre tract of state forest around Nimham Mountain
in Kent has been targeted by state and New York City environmental
agencies for development as a model managed forest.
Up to 60 percent of trees in some sections of the forest
would be cut down as part of the demonstration logging project.
If the project is shown to be economically successful and
environmentally beneficial to the forest's overall health,
officials and environmental groups hope it will provide
an incentive for private landowners to keep more than 600,000
acres of forests in the New York City watershed as permanent
forest habitat, rather than selling them for commercial
development.
"Forest management, if done properly, is an excellent
way to have an economic return on the land without damaging
the environment," said Jim Tierney, the state's watershed
inspector general. "The goal is to convince local owners
of forests to provide conservation easements to the state
that the land will only be used for forestry purposes, as
opposed to another mall or subdivision spread out over the
hilltops."
The plan also would prevent the maturation of an unbroken,
old-growth forest stretching across the region from Connecticut
to the New Jersey border. The extensive use of herbicides
will remove several acres of Japanese barberry and other
invasive shrubs that clog the forest floor and prevent the
development of open glades and the growth of young native
tree seedlings.
The project, to begin in May, calls for construction of
up to two miles of logging roads on Coles Mills Road and
other pathways through the state-owned land, and unpaved
"skid trails" for dragging cut trees through the
forest to processing areas. The roads, to be built by the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, will use bridges and other
systems designed to minimize the impact on streams and wetlands
in the center of the Hudson Highlands.
"The logging is just a means to an objective,"
said Jeff Wiegert, supervising forester for the state Department
of Environmental Conservation. "Forest management promotes
the growth of the biggest and best trees, and there is removal
of the wood which isn't as hardy. The focus here is on water
quality, and managing the forest properly improves the quality
of the watershed."
The demonstration forest, one of four being developed
on state-owned land, is a combined project of the state
DEC, the New York City Department of Environmental Protection
and the State University of New York's College of Environmental
Science and Forestry in Syracuse. The plan has the backing
of many environmental groups seeking conservation easements
on privately held forest land.
"We think it is one way the watershed lands can be
protected from development," said Cathleen Breen of
the New York Public Interest Research Group.
Rene Germain, associate professor of forest and natural
resources management at SUNY, said the project will demonstrate
the best ways to manage a forest to maximize its economic
potential and ensure healthy habitats for forest wildlife.
"If we want to regenerate a healthy forest, we need
to thin it," Germain said. "What we are doing
there at Nimham is we are going to go in and enhance the
growth and health of existing trees, and plan for the future
by regenerating a new forest. It's like a garden, like weeding
a garden."
The area to be logged is part of the 2,820-acre Hudson
Highlands forest area, encompassing parts of Kent, Philipstown,
Patterson, Putnam Valley and Southeast in Putnam County,
Cortlandt in Westchester County, and Beekman and Pawling
in Dutchess County. The DEC subdivides the forest into six
tracts, the largest being the 1,023-acre Nimham Mountain
forest in Kent. The demonstration project will be in the
center of the Kent forest off Route 301, abutting the West
Branch Reservoir and Putnam County Park. It is an area that
has undergone considerable change over the past 300 years.
"Think of what New York and most of New England looked
like 100 years ago before agriculture collapsed," Germain
said. "We cut down all our forests when they colonized
the area for farming. When the farms went out of business
in the 1900s, all those farms slowly turned back into forests.
We were only 25 percent forested then. Now, we are 60 percent
forested, and we do not have a shortage of trees."
During the past 100 years, the Hudson Highlands has slowly
evolved into an untouched band of state and local forests
stretching in an unbroken 44-mile line. It is considered
by experts to be a maturing forest, with a motley mixture
of tree varieties and many areas overgrown with brambles,
invasive plants and trees too close together. In another
50 years or so, it could become the first contiguous strand
of old-growth forest in the lower Hudson Valley since early
settlers eviscerated the region.
Germain said timber harvesting would improve the forest's
aesthetics. In a forest that is not yet mature, he said,
many trees are crowded together, cramping development of
their individual root structures, draining mineral resources
in the ground and blocking sunlight from reaching the ground
and nourishing bushes and seedlings.
"If you thin out a strand of trees," he said,
"you take out the weaker trees and allow the fuller
ones to become future crop trees. Birds that require open
fields have trouble in that area because the fields aren't
there. You see them now along the highways looking for food."
Some environmentalists question the need for a logging
operation in Nimham. Jeff Green, a Kent resident and member
of the local environmental group Plan Putnam, said if the
logging proceeds, the forest's description should be changed
to "a garden, a timber woodlot."
"The forests here today are 80 to 100 years old,
the oldest they have been in 300 years," Green said.
"We have a unique opportunity here. If the DEC does
not log the forest, we are halfway to a major swath of old-growth
forest just 50 miles from more than 20 million people."
George Baum of the Kent Conservation Advisory Committee
said the logging would create an artificial environment.
"They will take out more than just the invasive trees,"
Baum said. "They really want to promote the growth
of trees that are more desirable in terms of commercial
wood. Two of the areas they plan to develop for open staging
areas for logging trucks are largely populated by oaks.
That seems to me to be a desirable species. The cutting
and clearing they intend to do may improve the worth of
the wood that eventually grows here. But in terms of having
a nice place to visit and walk around, I think it will have
an adverse effect."
The management program calls for eliminating nonnative
trees, as well as those that are less commercially viable.
The program would cultivate oak, maple, ash and walnut,
and cut down boxelder, bitternut hickory, elm and ironwood.
At an international conference last week on the preservation
of the world's 105 top urban watersheds, the World Wildlife
Fund and the World Bank presented a three-year study concluding
that managing forest watersheds for their economic value
is one of the best ways to preserve them.
Yet, Bob Irwin, the wildlife fund's conservation director,
noted that the report did not say forests must be managed
as woodlot. "Certainly, one option should always be,
what happens if we just let it alone and let it resort to
its fully natural state? A forest left alone and allowed
over time to become something approximating what was here
before settlement is the best of all possible worlds."
William Schlesinger, dean of the Nicholas School of the
Environment at Duke University, suggested the state move
the project to other available forests in the Hudson River
Valley or upstate.
"Old growth forests, particularly those surrounding
urban areas, have an aesthetic value of their own,"
he said. "Why convert it into a managed lot?"
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